Ash Berry and Rob Carruthers are highly regarded Pilates Practitioners in Australia. Through their explorations of alternative health practices, they've been able to create an incredible community of curious movers seeking to improve their overall health.
Pain is a universal experience that can range from a mild, temporary sensation to chronic discomfort that affects daily life. While we often consider pain as something to avoid, it plays an essential role in alerting us to potential harm, helping protect us from further injury, and guiding healing processes. However, to understand how pain works, it’s important to explore its biological, neurological, and emotional dimensions.
What is pain?
The sensation of pain is actually a chemical reaction in relation to real or perceived threats to tissue damage. The International Association for the Study of Pain (IASP) describes it as a subjective sensation that can vary greatly between individuals. Pain not only depends on the intensity of a physical stimulus but also on how the brain interprets it, factoring in past experiences, emotions, and mental states.
Pain can be categorized into two primary types:
Acute pain: Typically a short-lived, intense sensation in response to injury, such as touching a hot stove or twisting an ankle. It usually resolves as the injury heals.
Chronic pain: Lasting beyond the expected healing period, chronic pain can persist for months or years and may become a condition in its own right, often requiring specialized management.
The pain pathway: How pain travels through the body
The pathway of pain begins with receptors in the skin, muscles, and other tissues known as nociceptors. These specialized sensory receptors detect potential damage or harmful stimuli, such as heat, cold, pressure, or chemical changes. When these nociceptors are activated, they send signals along sensory neurons until finally, the signals reach the brain, where they are interpreted as pain. The brain not only identifies the pain’s intensity and location but also attaches an emotional response, affecting how we react.
How the brain processes pain
The brain plays a critical role in determining how pain is felt and how we respond to it. When pain signals reach the brain, they pass through several structures, each of which influences the pain experience:
The thalamus: The central hub that relays sensory signals to other parts of the brain.
The somatosensory cortex: Responsible for determining the exact location and intensity of pain.
The limbic system: Involved in processing the emotional aspects of pain, which affects our feelings of fear, anxiety, or anger in response.
The prefrontal cortex: Engages in evaluating the pain, planning responses, and managing the cognitive aspect of pain.
The role of emotions and context in pain perception
Pain is more than a physical sensation; it is deeply connected to emotions, and the intensity can vary on the day depending on the person’s resources at any given time. Research shows that pain perception can be influenced by:
Past experiences: If someone has been through a similar pain before, the brain might be more (or less) sensitive to future pain of the same kind.
Emotional state: Anxiety, depression, and stress can increase pain sensitivity, while relaxation and positive emotions can reduce it.
Social and cultural influences: Pain tolerance can also vary based on cultural upbringing or societal expectations, as different communities have unique beliefs about pain.
Understanding this complex, biopsychosocial aspect of pain can be especially useful in managing chronic pain, as psychological and social factors are as important as physical ones. For example, if the exact same injury action were to be carried out on two different people from different backgrounds and different injury responses, the response would be very different due to their emotional and psychological backgrounds. Secondly, if the same exact injury were to occur to the same person after the initial injury is healed, there is no guarantee the pain they would experience would be the same due to emotional reactions associated with fear, expectation of pain, or implications of the injury to their lives.
Types of pain
Pain can be further categorized based on its origin, helping guide effective treatments. Some major types include:
Nociceptive pain: Triggered by tissue injury and includes pain from cuts, bruises, or inflammation. This is usually acute pain.
Neuropathic pain: Caused by nerve damage or dysfunction, such as with conditions like diabetes or shingles, often described as shooting or burning.
Visceral pain: Originating from internal organs, this type of pain may be diffuse and difficult to pinpoint, like abdominal pain.
Somatic pain: This pain comes from the skin, muscles, or bones and is usually easier to locate.
Pain modulation and the body’s natural painkiller
The human body has a remarkable ability to modulate pain using naturally occurring mechanisms:
Endorphins and enkephalins: These are natural opioids produced by the body in response to stress and pain. They help reduce pain perception by binding to opioid receptors in the brain, producing an analgesic effect.
The gate control theory: This theory suggests that the spinal cord contains a neurological "gate" that controls the transmission of pain signals to the brain. Non-painful input, like rubbing a sore area, can close the gate, reducing the perception of pain. This explains why techniques like massage, heat, or even movement can help alleviate pain.
Chronic pain and central sensitization
In some cases, the nervous system becomes overly sensitive to pain signals, a phenomenon known as central sensitization. This can occur after a prolonged injury or as part of chronic conditions such as fibromyalgia. In these cases, the body’s pain pathway becomes hyper-reactive, meaning even light touch or minor stimuli can trigger intense pain. Central sensitization represents a challenge in pain management, as it involves retraining the brain’s pain perception mechanisms.
Managing and treating pain
For a long time, Pain management has been heavily dominated by Pharmacological treatments as a means of limiting the perception of pain despite often significant negative side effects. In the last decade, though, more focus has been made on therapeutic, non-pharmalocial-based treatments to modulate and reduce the impact of chronic pain in particular. These treatments encompass the diverse nature of the persons’ lives and can include but are not limited to:
Physical therapy and exercise: Regular movement and specific therapeutic exercises can help improve circulation, flexibility, and strength, reducing pain associated with conditions like arthritis or muscle strain.
Cognitive behavioral therapy (CBT): This psychological approach helps people manage chronic pain by reframing negative thoughts about pain and teaching coping strategies.
Alternative therapies: Techniques like acupuncture, massage, yoga, and mindfulness meditation have gained popularity in pain management, as they offer non-pharmacological ways to control pain and improve quality of life.
Conclusion
Pain, while often unwelcome, is a complex and essential aspect of human experience. By alerting us to injury and encouraging healing, pain plays a protective role. However, when pain becomes chronic or disproportionate, it can significantly impact the quality of life. Understanding how pain works, from the initial sensory response to brain processing, is the first step in managing it effectively. For those living with chronic pain, a comprehensive approach involving medical, psychological, and physical strategies can offer relief and empowerment.
Read more from Robert Carruthers and Ashleigh Berry
Robert Carruthers and Ashleigh Berry, Pilates Practitioners
With Rob's blend of sports science and Functional Neurology training and Ash's Dance and Somatic Movement Therapy training, their Pilates sessions are always multi-faceted and multi-dimensional and cover a broad range of health interests that go beyond simply stretching and strengthening our bodies.
Their combined knowledge based has facilitated many life-changing journeys for their clients, and has resulted in being recognised names across the Australian Pilates scene. Their work also extends to facilitating world-class yet affordable professional development opportunities to Pilates Practitioners across Australia and online.
