Written by Stacy Ingram, Mental Performance Coach
Stacy Ingram is a dedicated Mental Performance Coach for teen athletes and performers. She believes every teen deserves the chance to succeed at their highest level, to learn the skills and techniques needed to help them be at their best in sport, the arts and in everyday life.
Negative body image is a pervasive issue affecting athletes across various sports, leading to significant physical and psychological consequences in both male and female athletes.
Body image issues are alarmingly common among athletes. According to the National Eating Disorders Association (NEDA), approximately 33% of male athletes and 62% of female athletes report experiencing body dissatisfaction. In comparison, about 24% of male non-athletes and 29% of female non-athletes report similar body dissatisfaction. This stark contrast highlights that athletes, particularly females, are significantly more likely to struggle with body image issues than their non-athlete peers.
In addition, athletes in sports emphasizing aesthetics or weight categories, such as gymnastics, swimming, wrestling, and bodybuilding, are at an even higher risk.
A survey conducted by the NCAA found that:
40% of female athletes reported being pressured to lose weight.
20% of male athletes reported similar pressures.
As you can see, negative body image is a widespread issue affecting athletes across various sports, leading to significant physical and psychological consequences in both male and female athletes, and revealing a critical need for addressing this problem across all sports disciplines.
Disordered eating patterns in athletes
Disordered eating patterns encompass a wide range of irregular eating behaviors and attitudes towards food that can negatively impact a person's health and well-being. These patterns are not necessarily severe enough to be classified as full-blown eating disorders like anorexia nervosa or bulimia nervosa but still involve unhealthy relationships with food, body image, and eating habits.
Common examples include:
Restrictive Eating: Severely limiting food intake, skipping meals, or following extreme diets to control weight or achieve a certain body shape.
Binge Eating: Consuming large amounts of food in a short period, often accompanied by feelings of loss of control and guilt. This may or may not be followed by compensatory behaviors such as purging or excessive exercise.
Compulsive Eating: Eating impulsively or in response to emotions (stress, sadness, boredom) without regard to hunger cues, leading to overeating.
Purging: Engaging in behaviors such as self-induced vomiting, misuse of laxatives or diuretics, or excessive exercise to compensate for food consumed and to control weight.
Orthorexia: Obsessive preoccupation with eating healthy foods to the extent that it disrupts normal eating patterns and causes distress.
Disordered eating patterns can have serious physical and psychological consequences, including nutrient deficiencies, digestive problems, weight fluctuations, and negative impacts on mental health such as anxiety and depression. It is crucial for individuals experiencing these patterns to seek support from healthcare professionals specializing in eating disorders and to receive appropriate treatment to address underlying issues and promote healthy eating behaviors.
Impact on female athletes
Female athletes often face intense scrutiny regarding their bodies, driven by societal standards and the specific demands of their sports. This scrutiny can lead to a range of negative outcomes, including:
Eating Disorders: A significant proportion of female athletes suffer from eating disorders. Studies indicate that 25% of collegiate female athletes have eating disorders, compared to 9% of their non-athlete counterparts.
Performance Anxiety: Body dissatisfaction can lead to increased performance anxiety, impacting an athlete's focus and performance.
Mental Health Issues: Depression, anxiety, and low self-esteem are prevalent among female athletes struggling with body image issues. Research by the International Journal of Sport and Exercise Psychology found that female athletes with negative body image are more likely to experience these mental health problems.
Impact on male athletes
While body image issues are often associated with female athletes, male athletes are not immune. The pressure to attain a muscular and lean physique can be equally detrimental. The impacts include:
Muscle Dysmorphia: Also known as "bigorexia," this condition affects male athletes who perceive their bodies as insufficiently muscular. A study in the Journal of Health Psychology found that up to 25% of male bodybuilders experience muscle dysmorphia.
Use of Performance-Enhancing Substances: To achieve their desired body image, male athletes might resort to steroids and other performance-enhancing drugs, leading to severe health risks.
Mental Health Issues: Similar to female athletes, male athletes with negative body image are prone to depression, anxiety, and low self-esteem. The pressure to maintain an ideal physique can lead to chronic stress and psychological strain.
Special considerations for teen athletes
Teen athletes are particularly vulnerable to body image issues due to the additional pressures of adolescence, including peer pressure, social media influence, and the physical changes associated with puberty. The impacts on teens include:
Early Onset of Disordered Eating: Teen athletes may develop disordered eating patterns at an early age, which can become entrenched and more difficult to treat over time.
Developmental Concerns: Negative body image and associated behaviors can interfere with normal physical development during a critical growth period, leading to long-term health consequences.
Academic and Social Impact: Body image issues can affect teens' academic performance and social interactions, leading to isolation, decreased academic achievement, and strained relationships.
What can coaches and parents look for?
Coaches and parents should be vigilant in recognizing signs of disordered eating patterns in athletes. Some key indicators to watch for include:
Changes in Eating Habits: Sudden or extreme changes in eating behaviors such as skipping meals, avoiding certain food groups, or adopting rigid dietary rules.
Obsession with Food and Body Image: Preoccupation with weight, body shape, or appearance, including frequent discussions about dieting, calories, or body dissatisfaction.
Unusual Weight Fluctuations: Rapid weight loss or gain without a clear medical reason or fluctuating weight that affects performance.
Changes in Performance: Decline in performance despite adequate training, increased fatigue, or difficulty recovering from workouts.
Physical Signs: Physical manifestations such as dizziness, weakness, frequent injuries, or complaints of feeling cold all the time.
Psychological Signs: Mood swings, irritability, anxiety, or depression related to food, weight, or body image.
Social Withdrawal: Avoidance of social situations involving food or changes in social interactions that revolve around eating.
Ritualistic Behaviors: Engaging in rituals around food, such as cutting food into tiny pieces, excessive chewing, or specific mealtime rituals.
Excessive Exercise: Compulsive or excessive exercise beyond normal training requirements, driven by a need to burn calories or "earn" food intake.
Secretive Behavior: Hiding food intake, sneaking food, or avoiding eating in front of others.
Recognizing these signs early can facilitate timely intervention and support for athletes struggling with disordered eating patterns, promoting both their physical health and performance.
Overall tips for parents and coaches
Promote Body Positivity: Encourage athletes to appreciate their bodies for what they can do rather than how they look. Emphasize the importance of strength, skill development, and overall health over appearance.
Create a Supportive Environment: Foster a team culture that values diversity in body shapes and sizes. Encourage open communication where athletes feel safe discussing their concerns about body image without fear of judgment.
Monitor and Respond: Coaches and parents should monitor athletes for signs of body dissatisfaction or disordered eating behaviors (as mentioned earlier). Promptly address concerns by offering support and connecting athletes with appropriate resources, such as nutritionists or mental health professionals.
Encourage Balanced Nutrition: Promote a balanced approach to nutrition that supports athletic performance and overall health. Provide guidance on fueling for training and recovery without emphasizing restrictive diets or extreme weight loss methods.
Set Realistic Expectations: Help athletes set realistic goals that focus on performance improvement rather than solely on changing their appearance. Emphasize the importance of skill development, teamwork, and personal growth in sports.
Role Modeling: Coaches and parents should model positive attitudes towards body image and healthy behaviors. Avoid making negative comments about weight, body shape, or appearance, and instead focus on celebrating athletes' efforts and achievements.
Encourage Mental Health Support: Normalize seeking help for mental health concerns related to body image. Provide access to mental health resources and encourage athletes to talk to counselors or therapists if they are struggling with body image issues.
Monitor Media Influence: Discuss the impact of media, social media, and peer influences on body image perceptions. Teach athletes to critically evaluate media messages and encourage them to curate positive and supportive social media environments.
Celebrate Diversity: Emphasize that athletes come in all shapes, sizes, and abilities. Celebrate diversity within the team and highlight role models in sports who defy traditional body image stereotypes.
By implementing these tips, coaches and parents can contribute to creating a supportive and healthy environment where teen athletes can thrive both physically and mentally. Negative body image is a critical issue in sport, affecting athletes' mental and physical health across genders and age groups. Addressing this problem requires a multifaceted approach, including promoting body positivity, providing mental health support, and fostering an environment that values performance over appearance.
Looking for support for your teen in their athletic journey? Cultivate Your Courage Coaching can help. CultivatingYourCourrage
Be Bold. Be Brave. Be Courageous.
Stacy Ingram is a dedicated Mental Performance Coach specializing in empowering teen athletes and performers to overcome the invisible barriers that often hinder their performance. With a focus on the mental side of the game, her programs are designed to equip athletes and performers with the cognitive tools and resilience needed for success both in sports/the arts and in everyday life.
